In 2015 illegal working was made a criminal offence in a crackdown on the black market.This is increasingly popular, being used by Wetherspoon's and McDonald's.The 'living wage' does have to be paid, and the National Living Wage NWL was launched in April 2016.Zero-hours contracts, for casual piece work or on-call work, means there are no obligations either way.The gender gap, on average men are paid 10% more than women (though this has and is narrowing).Larger cities in the UK have 9% of land, 54% of people, 60% of jobs, 63% of national economic output. Some winners may become deprived (Teeside) or vice versa (Lake District). Places like Cornwall are relative losers, marginalised and deprived. Places embracing growth employment sectors - Manchester, London, the M4 corridor - become winners. University graduates often settle in the place they were trained. This means that accepting higher levels of education at university and apprenticeships allows people from working class families to access higher paid and skilled jobs. Personal mobility is more dependent on access and opportunities for training than place of birth. The quinary sector is an important aspect of the increasing knowledge economy, creating prosperity in areas of the UK like the Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London.Īs tertiary industries, (especially quaternary and quinary) increase, social class is being replaced by level of education and skills. The highest levels of decision making in an economy - the top business executives and officials in government, science, universities, non-profit organisations, healthcare, culture and the media. The Quinary Sector? (Not on spec, but in textbook) Self-employed (freelancers, consultants and contractors).In 2015, there where 18.4 with full time contracts and 9 million with part time (a growing trend).Those with contracts (permanent or fixed).In 2015 there were 32 million workers in the UK, with 1.85 million unemployed (5.6%). Places can also vary in their type of employment: In England and Wales in 2011, 81% worked in the tertiary sector, 9% in the secondary and 1% in the primary. In Great Britain in 1841, 36% worked in the secondary sector, 33% in the tertiary sector (services, quaternary and quinary) and 22% in the primary sector. Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and the South East.In the tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.Tertiary ( retail, services, office work).There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.Rural areas tend to have more primary employment in farming, mining, quarrying and fishing.Primary ( agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing).The structure of the local economy affects perception of place.Įconomic sectors vary from place to place, reflecting different economic processes that have affected places over time. There is considerable variation in economic activity throughout the UK.
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